A programming model for the economic use of power cables

Summary An attempt is made here to implicate the technical problem of power cables into programming language. Economic use of power cables demand consideration of various cost-factors, both of technical and commercial character. The problem is mathematically solved to derive the condition for minimum of costs or — in other words — for optimum use of a cable. Graphical exhibits clearly demarcate the optimum use of cables under changes in cost-factors. The problem simultaneously tries to differentiate between the criterions of technical maximum and economic optimum.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird das technische Problem elektrischer Kabel als ein solches der Programmierung formuliert. Der ökonomische Einsatz von Kabeln verlangt die Heranziehung der verschiedenen Kostenfaktoren sowohl technischen wie kommerziellen Charakters. Die Bedingungen für minimale Kosten, d. h. optimalen Einsatz eines Kabels, werden hergeleitet. Die graphischen Darstellungen lassen die optimale Verwendung bei Veränderung der Kostenfaktoren erkennen. Gleichzeitig wird der Unterschied zwischen technischem Maximum und wirtschaftlichem Optimum herausgearbeitet.This study in its technical form was originally carried out in 1957 by the joint author AmritlalGosalia while undergoing a training course at Drammens Elektrisitets Verk, Drammen, Norway. The cost analysis was to provide an idea as to the proper choice of cables for house-hold and commercial supply of electric power in the city of Drammen. The numerical values of different cost-factors as well as prices of cables for calculations in Dia. 5 and 6 therefore correspond to the normal market level of 1957 in Norway. These two diagrams have been reproduced in the text by the kind permission of DEV, Drammen, Norway. The original drawings have been altered as required for the easy explanation of the subject.

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Vorgel. v.:J. Nitsche.     

Solubility Determination of c-Met Inhibitor in Solvent Mixtures and Mathematical Modeling to Develop Nanosuspension Formulation

The solubility and dissolution thermodynamics of new c-Met inhibitor, ABN401, were determined in eleven solvents and Transcutol^® HP–water mixture (TWM) from 298.15 to 318.15 K. The experimental solubilities were validated using five mathematical models, namely modified Apelblat, van’t Hoff, Buchowski–Ksiazaczak λh, Yalkowsky, and Jouyban–Acree van’t Hoff models. The experimental results were correlated and utilized further to investigate the feasibility of nanosuspension formation using liquid anti-solvent precipitation. Thermodynamic solubility of ABN401 increased significantly with the increase in temperature and maximum solubility was obtained with Transcutol^® HP while low solubility in was obtained water. An activity coefficient study indicated that high molecular interaction was observed in ABN401–Transcutol^® HP (THP). The solubility increased proportionately as the mole fraction of Transcutol^® HP increased in TWM, which was also supported by a solvent effect study. The result suggested endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution. Based on the solubility, nanosuspension was designed with Transcutol^® HP as solvent, and water as anti-solvent. The mean particle size of nanosuspension decreased to 43.05 nm when the mole fraction of ABN401 in THP, and mole fraction of ABN401 in TWM mixture were decreased to 0.04 and 0.1. The ultrasonicated nanosuspension appeared to give comparatively higher dissolution than micronized nanosuspension and provide a candidate formulation for in vivo purposes.